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Structural health monitoring
The process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for engineering structures is referred to as Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Here damage is defined as changes to the material and/or geometric properties of a structural system, including changes to the boundary conditions and system connectivity, which adversely affect the system’s performance. The SHM process involves the observation of a system over time using periodically sampled dynamic response measurements from an array of sensors, the extraction of damage-sensitive features from these measurements, and the statistical analysis of these features to determine the current state of system health. For long term SHM, the output of this process is periodically updated information regarding the ability of the structure to perform its intended function in light of the inevitable aging and degradation resulting from operational environments. After extreme events, such as earthquakes or blast loading, SHM is used for rapid condition screening and aims to provide, in near real time, reliable information regarding the integrity of the structure.
==Introduction==
Qualitative and non-continuous methods have long been used to evaluate structures for their capacity to serve their intended purpose. Since the beginning of the 19th century, railroad wheel-tappers have used the sound of a hammer striking the train wheel to evaluate if damage was present.〔 In rotating machinery, vibration monitoring has been used for decades as a performance evaluation technique.〔 Two techniques in the field of SHM are wave propagation based techniques Raghavan and Cesnik〔Raghavan, A. and Cesnik, C. E., \Review of guided-wave structural health monitoring," Shock and Vibration Digest, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 91-114, 2007.〕 and vibration based techniques.〔Montalvao, D., Maia, N. M. M., and Ribeiro, A. M. R., \A review of vibration- based structural health monitoring with special emphasis on composite materials," Shock and Vibration Digest, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 295-326, 2006.〕〔Fan, W. and Qiao, P. Z., Vibration-based damage identification methods: A review and comparative study," Structural Health Monitoring, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 83-111, 2010.〕 Broadly the literature for vibration based SHM can be divided into two aspects, the first wherein models are proposed for the damage to determine the dynamic characteristics, also known as the direct problem, for example refer, Unified Framework〔Dixit, A. and Hodges, D. H., A general damage theory: Solution of nth-order equations using unified framework," Mechanics Research Communications, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 486-493, 2011.〕 and the second, wherein the dynamic characteristics are used to determine damage characteristics, also known as the inverse problem, for example refer.〔Dixit, A. and Hanagud, S., Damage localization by isolating the part of the response due to the damage only," Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 80, no. 1, p. 011015, 2012〕
In the last ten to fifteen years, SHM technologies have emerged creating an exciting new field within various branches of engineering. Academic conferences and scientific journals have been established during this time that specifically focus on SHM.〔(Farrar, et al., page 306 )〕 These technologies are currently becoming increasingly common.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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